The Boynton ruling had ordered desegregation of interstate terminal facilities. The arrangements inside the bus terminal were complicated. When the riders’ bus pulled into the Midwest Trailways station at Markham and Louisiana streets, a crowd of between 300 and 400 whites were there to meet them. Louis twenty-seven-year-old John Curtis Raines, a white pastor from Setauket Methodist Church in Long Island, New York, and a former Fulbright scholar and twenty-three-year-old Janet Reinitz, a white artist and homemaker from New York City. Louis eighteen-year-old Annie Lumpkin, an African-American student from St. The other riders were twenty-three-year-old Bliss Anne Malone, an African-American public school teacher from St. Cox was a veteran of the initial Freedom Rides. Benjamin Elton Cox, an African-American native of Whiteville, Tennessee, who served as a minister at Pilgrim Congregational Church in High Point, North Carolina, and as a CORE field secretary. The riders were led by thirty-year-old Rev. Louis to Little Rock, then on to Shreveport, Baton Rouge, and New Orleans, Louisiana. As part of this campaign, Freedom Riders arrived in Little Rock on the evening of July 10, 1961, from the CORE branch of St. Kennedy administration to assist the riders to reach their destination of Jackson, Mississippi.Ī Freedom Ride Coordinating Committee (FRCC) was subsequently formed to coordinate further rides across the South in the summer of 1961. The national headlines the attacks drew forced federal intervention by the John F. In May 1961, two sets of interracial Freedom Riders were attacked on their journey through Alabama.
CORE this time tested the ruling with Freedom Rides. Virginia extended its Morgan ruling on interstate buses to interstate bus terminal facilities. In some places, they were allowed to ride interstate buses, while in others they were arrested. The journey involved an interracial team of bus passengers traveling through upper South states to make sure the law was being implemented. In 1947, the national civil rights organization the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) held its Journey of Reconciliation to test integrated interstate transportation on buses ordered by the U.S. Ultimately, the Freedom Rides in Little Rock (Pulaski County) led the local African-American and white communities to address the lingering issue of segregation in the city. The Freedom Rides were a tactic employed by civil rights demonstrators in 1961 to place pressure on the federal government and local leaders to end segregation in interstate transportation facilities.
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